In the global pursuit of clean energy, biohydrogen, hydrogen gas (H₂) produced by biological sources, has emerged as a carbon-free, non-toxic, and high-efficiency fuel with the potential to revolutionize sustainable energy systems. Unlike conventional hydrogen production methods, biohydrogen leverages microbes (fermentative bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and microalgae) to convert biomass or sunlight into H₂, offering an eco-friendly and renewable alternati

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a broad class of synthetic compounds widely used in industrial applications and consumer products due to their unique properties, namely, their resistance to heat, water, and oil. While some PFAS, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), are well-known for their toxicity and environmental persistence, the broader class includes over 12,000 structurally diverse compounds with varying propertie